The paper presents the results of the experimental measurement of cold and hot water flows in the reconstructed pipeline of a residential building. The measured flows are compared to the calculation values according to STN 73 6655, DIN 1988-300 and the values computed by the calculation program. The results can be applied to the optimization of the design of internal water mains as well as the optimization of the design of the hot water preparation plant and its heat source.
Local heaters are other products for which the Eco-design and Energy Labeling Rules start to apply from January 2018. Obligations are not introduced for all types of heaters at a time, but will be applied until 2022, when local solid fuel heaters will apply for the last category of a large family of these small heat sources.
By introducing the Eurovent regulation for air handling units, the higher requirements for ventilation designers were brought. However the effect of the high efficient AHU can be easily set back by ineligible air leakage through pipes before distribution into living areas. Pipe air leakage rate together with all components should answer to requirements on AHU established by valid standards.
It is generally known that the combination of inappropriate materials and the chemical composition of the heating water can cause serious failure of the heating system. However, from time to time, due to lack of supervision by the designer on the construction site (the investor does not order it, because he thinks he is expensive and unnecessary according to suppliers) and unprofessional construction supervision, there are cases that document the violation of perhaps all the principles that could be found. The occurrence of the accident, the financial damage, is then quite legal.
The trend of residential buildings is to improve energy efficiency, improve the quality of the indoor environment, improve building and technical condition of the building, minimize the cost of building operation and overall maintenance. When designing buildings, elementary analysis requires all factors that have a significant impact on energy efficiency. One is also the ratio of transparent structures to non-transparent structures. In this paper, we analyze the ratio of transparent structures to non-transparent structures to the need for heat for heating and the need for energy for cooling.
The requirements for heating water quality are increasing with the increasing technical level of equipment from which the heating systems are assembled. Parameters of common water are therefore modified in various ways, altered to match as much as possible the desired ideal state. If these processes do not take place due to the material composition of the heating elements, damages occur. Even in a relatively short time since commissioning. The most common ways of changing water parameters are adding inhibitors, softening water and desalting water.
Industrial chimneys are civil engineering works, which in addition to static and dynamic effects, direct and indirect loads, are also exposed to significant non-stationary environmental loads. Analysis of their durability focuses on the evaluation of vertical cracks, corrosion of concrete and reinforcement, which have a decisive influence on the resistance of the chimney's shaft with regard to the ultimate and serviceability limit states, as well as their durability.
This article aims to broaden knowledge about behaviour of different types of local wood-burning heaters in term of time course of heat delivery into the room. The article presents a comparison of performance of the selected heater – fireplace insert, which was gradually rebuilt and tested as stove with/without accumulation heat exchanger and closed fireplace with accumulation in different stoking regimes. In the end of the article, the measured results are compared with previously obtained hea t output course of individually built stoves.
Assessing energy performance of the building is also done from the point of view of the need for non-renewable primary energy. A common layman probably does not know what this means. At the same time, the need for non-renewable primary energy fundamentally influences the design of energy sources for heating, cooling, hot water preparation, etc. for a particular building. The need for non-renewable primary energy is one of the three main energy performance indicators of a building, and if it is assessed as too large, the building can not be validated.
Heating systems, solar systems, primary circuits of heat pumps, etc. can be installed in the environment or exposed to operating conditions where their function must be guaranteed even at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. In this case, pure water cannot be used to transmit heat energy. Low-setting (non-freezing) liquids consisting of a mixture of water and other substances are used to reduce the resulting freezing point to negative temperatures.
Because of the emission of pollutants during the combustion of solid fuels in local household heaters (fireplaces and stoves) tightening requirements (emissions and efficiency) are gradually adopted in individual EU countries. The requirements are mainly aimed at manufacturers or importers of incinerators who have to prove their fulfillment when placed on the market. This is a different approach than hot-water boilers, where requirements are targeted not only on manufacturers and importers, but also on operators. This partly changes for the Czech Republic, where the Air Protection Act also introduces obligations for local furnace operators with a hot-water coil (part of the heat is supplied to the heating water from the source). The aim of this article is to provide an overview of valid and planned requirements and also to compare them.
This study investigates the impact of energy renovation on the indoor air quality of apartment building during heating season. The study was performed in one residential building before and after its renovation. Energy audit was performed and energy certificate was calculated for the renovated and the non renovated condition of the dwelling. Objective measurements of CO2 concentration have been used for the evaluation. The average concentrations was much higher after the refurbishment. The air exchange rate was calculated, which was higher in the unrenovated apartments. This study shows that energy renovation of the residential buildings in Slovakia may reduce the quality of the indoor environment in the apartments especially in winter season.
Maintaining a healthy indoor environment requires much more intense air exchange after the reconstruction of the house as it is achieved. Although this is related to energy consumption, it is otherwise endangered by the health of the user. Reducing the thermal energy consumption of the house to the detriment of the quality of the indoor environment and the health of the users of the dwellings can not therefore be considered as a saving and can not be calculated when assessing the energy savings of the building's heating system after reconstruction.
The authors compare the measured data on the production and use of electricity produced by the solar photovoltaic power plant with the total electricity consumption in the production area of the company. The second part of the article is based on considerations about the use of overproduction of electricity for heating and hot water preparation and its economy.
The authors compare the measured data on the production and use of electricity produced by the solar photovoltaic power plant with the total electricity consumption in the production area of the company. The second part of the article is based on considerations about the use of overproduction of electricity for heating and hot water preparation and its economy.
Investments in heating systems of apartment houses are large and still growing. New modern components of the heating system are coming to market, which are further increasing the investment. Systems become more complex and therefore more susceptible to malfunctions. One solution can be the single-pipe hot water system.
Although the heating water is in a non-life-saving environment, it contains a minimum of nutrients and has an elevated temperature, microorganisms can be propagated under certain conditions. Depending on their type and amount, problems with excessive occurrence of gases in the heating system, smell and corrosion may occur. The most frequent cause of the introduction of microorganisms into the heating system is the storage of pipes in the outdoor environment without their ends being blocked, and then, of course, the purity of the water that is impregnated into the system.
The paper deals with the experimental determination of heat losses of reservoirs (hot water storage tanks, heaters, heat reservoirs). It shows how the thermal loss of the tank itself, determined by the correct procedure in accordance with the standard, can be different from the loss of the reservoir connected to the thermal system.
