The presented set of four communications deals with the risk management in favour of safety applied to the operation of pipelines. It respects current professional knowledge and presents it in the concept promoted by the UN, the European Union, the OECD and others. The second part summarizes the knowledge and principles of risk management and lists the sources of risks for the pipeline.
The presented set of four communications deals with the risk management in favour of safety applied to the operation of pipelines. It respects current professional knowledge and presents it in the concept promoted by the UN, the European Union, the OECD and others. The first part introduces terms used in engineering practice, which deals with risks and safety and introduces knowledge that is relevant to pipeline safety.
With 97,000 heat pumps for the year 2022, Panasonic in Pilsen has become the leading manufacturer of hot water heat pumps in the Czech Republic. By 2026, production capacity will increase to approximately 550,000 units. Mit 97.000 Wärmepumpen für das Jahr 2022 ist Panasonic in Pilsen zum führenden Hersteller von Warmwasser-Wärmepumpen in der Tschechischen Republik geworden. Bis 2026 wird die Produktionskapazität auf rund 550.000 Einheiten steigen.
A comparison of the calculation of the volume of the storage tank to boilers with manual application of wood in a family house according to the criteria of subsidy programs and the ČSN EN 303-5 standard shows a relative agreement, respectively the acceptability of the use of both methods. The standard provides a minimum value. In practice, the resulting volume usually consists of two tanks.
The composition of natural gas in the Czech distribution system, or the Czech part of the former Czechoslovak system, has not changed too much over time to date. Almost all of the gas was that supplied from the former Soviet Union and, following its disintegration, from Russia mainly to western European countries and met their requirements. The situation completely changed in 2022 when gas supply from Russia to the EU was reduced and large quantities were replaced with LNG. In this context, the contribution discusses the changes in the composition of the natural gas distributed in the Czech Republic.
The efficiency of the heat pump also depends on the optimal design of the primary heat collector, most often in the form of a well, a surface collector, but also clinkers or energy baskets. The length of the pipe and its dimensions are closely related to the operating temperature drop in the primary circuit of the heat pump.
Replacing the boiler with a heat pump requires verification of the system's hydraulics, temperature regimes and heat pump performance. Mutual incompatibility can be detected by measuring temperatures, working with equithermal curve graphs and manufacturer's documents, especially in the case of a simpler heating system in a family home.
Replacing the boiler with a heat pump requires verification of the system's hydraulics, temperature regimes and heat pump performance. Mutual incompatibility can be detected by measuring temperatures, working with equithermal curve graphs and manufacturer's documents, especially in the case of a simpler heating system in a family home.
Replacing the boiler with a heat pump requires verification of the system's hydraulics, temperature regimes and heat pump performance. Mutual incompatibility can be detected by measuring temperatures, working with equithermal curve graphs and manufacturer's documents, especially in the case of a simpler heating system in a family home.
Replacing the boiler with a heat pump requires verification of the system's hydraulics, temperature regimes and heat pump performance. Mutual incompatibility can be detected by measuring temperatures, working with equithermal curve graphs and manufacturer's documents, especially in the case of a simpler heating system in a family home.
High-temperature water-to-water compressor heat pumps with different refrigerants and configurations can be used in district heating systems operating at temperatures between 60 and 120 °C. Part 1 describes the development of installations in Europe and the current state of development, including an overview of the market offer.
High-temperature water-to-water compressor heat pumps with different refrigerants and configurations can be used in district heating systems operating at temperatures between 60 and 120 °C. Part 1 describes the development of installations in Europe and the current state of development, including an overview of the market offer.
The increasing incidence of “legionnaire's disease” caused by strains of Legionella pneumophila bacteria indicates an underestimation of the risk not only on the side of hot water production, but above all in its distribution through internal water supply. And what the public does not expect at all, even when distributing cold drinking water.
The article shows the ways of using load profiles of hot water heaters defined by Commission Regulations No 811, 812, 813 and 814/2013 to construct a cumulative hot water consumption curves. The authors point out errors commonly made by designers of hot water preparation systems in relation to the use of the load profiles. The conclusion of the article contains a comparison between consumption curves obtained with use of the hot water heaters’ load profiles and real measurements in different types of buildings.
Stricter ENB criteria and efforts to enforce a comprehensive view, not only the energy needs associated with housing, but also the place of residence, mode of transport, etc. show that the current situation is not systematically resolved. Meeting the new criteria in existing buildings, many of which have not even undergone basic insulation, will be very challenging, albeit necessary.
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